|
A patrial name or geographical surname is a surname or second cognomen given to person deriving from a toponym, the name for a geographical place. It was particularly common in ancient Greece and Rome.〔The New Century classical handbook Catherine B. Avery - 1962 "Toponyms (place names) also appear: Coriolanus, Norbanus, Sabinus, Soranus, Tusculanus.〕 The lack of a family surname and use of a geographical cognomen as a surname may the sign of a lower class, such as courtesans when signing a contract.〔Molière: A Theatrical Life - Page 42 Virginia Scott - 2002 "Taviani identifies Lucrezia as a courtesan because of her name that, in the fashion of courtesans, joins a Roman first name to a geographical surname and because the contract was signed in a house owned or leased by her at a time when "〕 With medieval writers, Christian, Jewish and Muslim, whose works circulated around many countries, geographical cognomens sometimes served to distinguish better than "son of," "ben" or "ibn." Roman Military commanders often took a second cognomen, an agnomen, recalling a victorious campaign: Africanus, Asiaticus, Macedonicus, Numantinus. These may be inherited as in the case of Augustus who inherited the cognomen Thurinus. ==Formation== Examples in formation of patrial names include: 1. definite article and noun - using a demonym (also called gentile name or gentilic, from Latin ''nomen gentile'' or ''gentilicium'') * Athenagoras the Athenian (''Athenagoras o Athenaios,'' Ἀθηναγόρας ὁ Ἀθηναῖος). * Saul of Tarsus "Saul the Tarsian" (''Saulos o Tarseus'', Σαῦλος () Ταρσεύς) * Lucius the Cyrenian (''Loukios o Kurenaios'' Λούκιος ὁ Κυρηναῖος) * Trophimus "called the Ephesian" (''Trofimos o Efesios'', Τρόφιμος ὁ Ἐφέσιος) * Ibn Muadh al-Jayyani (989-1079) "al Jayyani", the man of Jaén * Isaac Alfasi (1013-1103) "al Fasi", the man of Fez, Morocco 2. unclear: indefinite noun / adjectival forms * Mary Magdalene, "Mary of Magdala" (Greek ''Maria Magadelene,'' Μαρία Μαγδαληνή). 3. adjectives - a common Latin method for making a toponymic adjective is to add -()ensis * Giraldus Cambrensis "Gerald of Wales" * Galfridus Monemutensis, "Geoffrey of Monmouth" 4. genitive "of" constructions * Jacopo da Bologna "Jacob of Bologna" * Jacques de Vitry "James of Vitry-sur-Seine" In examples 1 through 3, where the noun or adjective has case declension the partial name will typically decline in accordance with normal noun or adjective rules. For example, in ''Giraldi Cambrensis opera'' - "the works of () Gerald of Wales" - ''Giraldus'' declines to ''Giraldi'' (the genitive form of Gerald) and ''cambrensis'' (nominative adjective) declines to ''cambrensis'' (genitive adjective, but the same as nominative in this example). The declension is normally not followed when citing Latin patrial names in English, "of Giraldus Cambrensis," but may cause confusion when trying to identify the nominative spellings of patrial names from Latin or Greek sources. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Patrial name」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|